Author: ksubci

Ensuring that your cattle are healthy, well-fed, and well cared for, especially during times of inclement weather, are the foundations for good animal welfare. Fortunately, these goals also aid in high productivity and reduced disease risk. From my viewpoint as a veterinarian, I believe that the most important management tools to protect cattle welfare are: nutrition, sanitation, parasite control, biosecurity, and vaccination.  

One of the “Five Freedoms” that is sometimes used as a gauge for animal welfare is “freedom from thirst, hunger, and malnutrition”. While details such as how long cattle can be without access to food or water without being a welfare problem are a matter of differing opinions, the concept that cattle need an adequate diet is widely accepted. Poor forage growth due to drought or inadequate forage production for the grazing pressure in the case of over-stocking can cause inadequate energy intake and poor body condition of cow herds. Diets based on dormant forages and harvested forages may need supplemental protein or energy depending on the quality of the base-forage and the production status of the cattle. Monitoring body condition of mature cattle and rate of weight gain for growing animals are good measurements to indicate whether or not cattle are receiving an adequate diet. Periods of weather stress, including storms, droughts, and catastrophes, are critical times to evaluate body condition and weight to ensure that cattle are receiving enough energy and protein in their diets to maintain good health as well as good welfare. In addition, any time that cattle are consuming dormant or harvested forages, body condition and weight should be monitored because the base forage for these diets is less likely to provide all the needed nutrients compared to diets based on green, growing forage.  

A clean environment is usually not a problem for grazing adult bulls and cows, however housing calves in pastures, as well as housing any cattle in drylots can lead to levels of mud that contribute to disease risk. Calves are most susceptible to scours the first three weeks of their lives and being exposed to mud and excessive manure during this time of their lives can lead to serious outbreaks of scours. Adults are more resistant to scours, but wet, muddy conditions can contribute to many different types of disease.  Dispersing calves over a wide area on grass rather than dirt and use of age-segregation strategies such as the Sandhills Calving System will maintain a sanitary environment for young calves.  Use of mounds, frequent scraping, concrete, rock, and bedding when appropriate based on rainfall, animal density, and other factors will allow good sanitation for cattle housed on dirt-floor pens.  

An important animal welfare role for veterinarians on cattle operations is to develop herd-specific strategies to reduce the risk of disease due to viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Your veterinarian can help you reduce the risk of importing disease agents with herd replacements or from contact with neighboring cattle herds or wildlife by using disease testing and isolation of new cattle as well as vaccinations. Although we do not have effective vaccines for all the important cattle diseases, a well-designed program to increase herd immunity at specific times of the year will greatly reduce the risk of serious disease outbreaks. In order for vaccines to be the most effective, they must be handled properly and administered at the optimum times of the production cycle. Because vaccination alone is not able to complete protect cattle from disease, these products must be part of an overall strategy to provide adequate nutrition, good sanitation, and parasite control.  

Both internal parasites (worms) and external parasites such as flies and lice can carry disease agents as well as cause weight loss, animal discomfort, and welfare concerns. It is important to work with your veterinarian to develop a strategy to use de-worming and fly-control products, pasture management, and other tools to minimize the damage that these parasites can inflict on a herd. Because parasites can become resistant to chemical tools for control, these products must be used wisely and in conjunction with other management tools. 

Nearly all ranches and feedlots provide good animal comfort and well-being in most situations, but any cattle operation can find it difficult to maintain that high level of care when cattle are exposed to extreme or prolonged weather stress. It is important that every producer have a plan to provide adequate feed, water, shelter, and disease control when situations are tough. Heavy snow, prolonged rain, drought, tornadoes, hurricanes, and other weather events can lead to reduced animal welfare to the point of seriously affecting health and life. It is the responsibility of every cattle producer to reduce the effects of these challenges as much as possible.  

Excellent animal husbandry is important to all cattle producers because ensuring good nutrition, sanitation, and health for cattle results in job satisfaction from properly caring for the animals with which we enjoy working, supports optimum production of the herd, and confirms in consumers’ minds that cattle producers are caring stewards of our livestock.   

Weaning is one of the most stressful times during the calf’s life. Several factors contribute to the amount of stress endured by the calf – separation from the dam, new surroundings, new feed, and human handling. The stress negatively impacts the immune function of the calf at a time when it is needed the most. Additionally, stress reduces feed intake and the nutrients needed to mount an immune response. A weaning strategy to minimize stress is critical for the success of a preconditioning or backgrounding program, and a key part of that is transitioning the calf to new feed. 

In addition to a correctly formulated weaning diet, encouraging feed intake is a very important aspect. Palatable feedstuffs such as dried distillers grains, molasses, and cottonseed hulls can increase feed intake in young calves. These feedstuffs have good texture and smell that encourages feed intake. Also, using familiar feedstuffs can encourage calves to eat such as good quality grass hay rather than silages in the diet. Corn and grass silages have a different smell and taste that requires acclimating calves and should be avoided unless calves have exposure to these feedstuffs prior to weaning. 

One way to familiarize cattle with the weaning diet is to provide the concentrate portion of the diet as a creep feed 3-4 weeks prior to weaning. This allows the calves time to get familiar with the feed while other feedstuffs and milk are still available to provide necessary nutrients. Additionally, creep feeding allows the rumen bacteria time to acclimate to the weaning diet prior to weaning. By providing creep feed prior to weaning the transition to the weaning diet will be smoother. 

Feed intake can be hampered by poor water quality and inadequate access. One of the first signs of inadequate water availability is decreased feed intake. Water access is critical during the stressful time of weaning and should be made easy for calves to find and consume all the water necessary. Calves on pasture may have been drinking from streams or stock ponds and do not know how to drink from a fountain/waterer, especially a ball fountain. Water should be provided in open tanks in the fenceline where calves will find it while walking the fence. If calves are weaned in a large trap it may be helpful to let the water run over the tank so that calves are attracted to the sound of running water. 

Weaning in a drylot facility has convenience with being able to build tight fences and check calves daily, but weaning in a grass trap has several benefits for the calf. Calves weaned in a grass trap can spread out reducing the exposure to pathogens resulting in less morbidity than when weaned in a drylot. Additionally, calves know how to graze and even though there may only be enough forage for a few days, the grass is a familiar feedstuff for calves until they acclimate to the weaning diet. 

A properly formulated weaning diet is critical to providing the nutrients necessary for adequate immune function and growth. It is good practice to consult with your veterinarian or extension specialist on the weaning diet you plan to use. They can provide an assessment of whether the diet provides the necessary nutrients. Example diets are shown in Table 1 formulated to provide a rate of gain of 1.5 to 2.0 pounds per day for 500-lb calf.